Mother Courage and her Children Essay example - 1551 Words

Mother Courage and her Children Mother Courage and her Children, by Bertolt Brecht, is a play which can be seen from varying perspectives. Some consider it to be a comment on the socio-economic aspects of war, others as a criticism of bourgeois capitalism intended to encourage change in modern society. The somewhat tragic events of the play enable critics to consider it a tragedy, but one which, to some extent, diverges from the Aristotelian definition. Aristotle believed that tragedy must revolve around a central character: the tragic hero, on whom the plot focuses and who exhibits certain characteristics, which leads to his, though in this particular case, her, downfall. The role of such a figure is pivotal to the presentation†¦show more content†¦According to Aristotle, the audience must witness the tragic hero undeservedly suffer great misfortune. Although the audience disapproves of Mother Courage and her attitudes, we are not presented with a feasible alternative. She is forced into living as a para site of war by her socio-economic status: she is simply trying to provide for her family and the only crime she commits is the utilization of her gift of tradesmanship. Mother Courages misfortunes are presented as the deaths of her children, which are caused by each individuals sole virtue, so are, in effect, undeserved by Mother Courage. An element of tragedy is removed from the play as Mother Courage does not appear to experience suffering as a result of these losses. However, this does not prevent the evocation of pity from the audience, a key factor of tragedy, as we still perceive her as a consequential victim of the social and economic context; though the magnitude of this pity is significantly reduced, and it is of a more detached quality, than if the play were presented in a more emotive style. The downfall of Mother Courage is far from orthodox in Aristotelian terms. Whereas a tragic hero would conventionally die as a result of a reversal of fortune, Mother Courage is the sole survivor of herShow MoreRelatedThe Titular Character Of Mother Courage And Her Children1378 Words   |  6 PagesThe titular character in Mother Courage and Her Children illuminates an important idea when considering a character’s actions in a time of languishing prosperity. Yet, the characters pivotal actions catalyze the fatality of her three children and in turn represent how morals, in times of survival, waver; the results of tough choices are harsh judgements. Bertolt Brecht, the playwright, uses his innovative approach to theatre to force the audience to detach themselves from their common knowledge ofRead MoreMother Courage And Her Children1186 Words   |  5 PagesMother Courage and her Children is tragic play that highlights the current and after effects of the thirty year war as wr itten by German playwright Bertolt Brecht in 1939. The initial hope with the play was show that mother courage was not the ultimate sympathetic character and that she lead her children to their own demise. A hope that was later cemented in later performances rather than allowing the audience to indulge in ideologies they wanted to believe in post war, like perseverance and motherhoodRead MoreAnalysis Of Mother Courage And Her Children 1236 Words   |  5 Pagesstandard, typical, usual, expected and unexceptional among others. In his book, the Steppenwolf, Hermann Hesse explores some of the issues relating to deviation from the norm like how an individual is affected. In addition, the play â€Å"Mother Courage and her Children† also presents various matters relating to the norm, its significance, and how the environment is altered in case of a deviation. Furthermore, Bertolt Brecht vividly examines how an individual has a difficult time to adapt to the changesRead MoreEssay about Mother Courage and Her Children1589 Words   |  7 PagesMother Courage and her Children, by Bertolt Brecht, is a play which can be seen from varying perspectives. Some consider it to be a comment on the socio-economic aspects of war, others as a criticism of bourgeois capitalism intended to encourage change in modern society. The somewhat tragic events of the play enable critics to consider it a tragedy, but one which, to some extent, diverges from the Aristotelian definition. Aristotle believed that tragedy must revolve around a central character:Read MoreAnalysis Of Mother Courage And Her Children By Bertolt Brecht804 Words   |  4 PagesThe play â€Å"Mother Courage and her Children† is written by Bertolt Brecht, adapted by Scott Stroot here at Western Kentucky University. This play is takes place in Europe around the spring of 1624 and spans at least 10 years. The play is about Mother Courage also known as Anna Fierling, and her three children Kattrin, Eilif, an d Swiss Cheese. And over the course of the years she loses all three of her children during The Thirty-Year War. Mother Courage and her children make their livings off of theirRead More Mother Courage Essay903 Words   |  4 Pages Mother Courage nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;It’s always important to be touched. Writers know and understand this idea. Whether the audience feels good or bad about whom or what you present is not as important as the fact that they feel something. Bertolt Brecht’s Mother Courage and Her Children is a perfect example of a work that doesn’t leave us in very high spirits but touches us in such a way that it becomes even more powerful than if it had. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Throughout the playRead MoreMother Courage and her Children by Bertolt Brecht Essay1015 Words   |  5 PagesPractice WiT- Mother Courage and her Children Topic: Analysis of war as a business in the play mother courage and her children In Brecht’s play â€Å"Mother Courage and her Children† he makes it clear that he thinks that war is a â€Å"continuation of business by other means†. To him war is not an unnatural occurrence or even a mistake made by society however it is one of societies many preconditions and is an unavoidable occurrence. Given that this is Brecht’s opinion there are several dialogues all depictingRead More Gender in Mother Courage and Her Children and M. Butterfly Essay1804 Words   |  8 PagesComparing Gender in Mother Courage and Her Children and M. Butterfly    The term gender is commonly used to refer to the psychological, cultural, and social characteristics that distinguish the sexes (Cook 1). From the idea of gender such notions as gender bias and stereotyping have developed. Stereotypes have lead society to believe that a male or female should appear, act, or in more philosophical terms, be a certain way. What these gender stereotypes are and, whether or not they reallyRead MoreThe Family Ties in Frankenstein, Metamorphosis and Mother Courage and her Children1914 Words   |  8 Pagesfollow along with. There are many examples of this throughout this course, but this paper will focus on how three of them use the family dynamic to connect with the reader: Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, Kafka’s Metamorphosis, and Brecht’s Mother Courage and her Children. One does not have to read far into Frankenstein to get a feel for this idea. The beginning of the story is a series of letters between an explorer named Walton and his sister, Margaret. These content of these letters suggest that WaltonRead More Empathy in Brechts The Good Person of Szechwan and Mother Courage and Her Children2414 Words   |  10 PagesLittle Empathy in Brechts The Good Person of Szechwan and Mother Courage and Her Children Brecht is very successful in creating a form of drama where empathy plays little part. In The Good Person of Szechwan it would seem that every action and word is an attempt to alienate us and halt any identification one may chance to make. The indiscernible use of names for characters exaggerating the oriental sound of them is immediately noticeable i.e. Wang, Shin Sun, Shen Te, Shu Ta, etc.

Antigone vs. Iliad Essay - 948 Words

Love is a very powerful emotion. In both Antigone and The Iliad there are many different types of love portrayed. The love one has for their child for example, or the love for a close family member or friend. There is also the love one experiences when they feel they have found their mate in life. In examining the excerpts from Antigone and The Iliad I was able to draw the conclusion that Antigone portrays the different types of love in a more realistic way. When I read The Iliad for the first time the portrayal of love that stood out the most to me was the love Priam had for his son Hector. Priam being the king of Troy risked his life by walking onto the enemys war camp in order to beg the man that killed his son for the†¦show more content†¦Achilles felt he had lost someone very close to his heart. Achilles also felt that Patroclus had been killed in an unfair manner. Achilles felt Hector should have been punished for the wrongful death of Patroclus even though the boy had Achilles armor on and Hector thought he was fighting Achilles at the time. Achilles had the mindset that Hector should have known better than to go up against a boy. The portrayal of Achilles in the scene where he is told about Patrocluses death is what moved the story more toward fiction for me. Achilles had to have his moment of stricken grief that was extremely over exaggerated. â€Å"A black cloud of grief came shrouding over Achilles. Both hands claw ing the ground for soot and filth, he poured it over his head, fouled his handsome face and black ashes settled onto his fresh clean war-shirt. Overpowered in all his power, he sprawled in the dust. Achilles lay there, fallen† (82). In reality a grown man would not act like this especially a part god warrior. The fit Achilles threw is something a child would do. I found his behavior very unlikely and unrealistic. In contrast, Antigone had many similarities in the story to The Iliad. For example, Antigones love for her brother was also that of someone who is very close to your heart. Another similarity I found was that Antigone felt her brother had been treated in an unfair manner when heShow MoreRelatedAntigone Moral Dilemma1253 Words   |  6 Pagesquestion in the play Antigone by Sophocles is the value of human law vs. divine law. In this tragic play a newly appointed king Creon declares to his people that treason was committed during battle, and one of the two brothers (Polyneices) killed shall not be buried according to the Gods, but instead He shall be left unburied for all to watch the corpse mutilated and eaten by carrion-birds and by dogs (Sophocles, 1900.). This dilemma is felt by many, especially Antigone (sister of the deceased)Read MoreAn Ideal Hero: Greek vs. Roman Essay1527 Words   |  7 Pages(war), Iron (mining, deforestation, crime). 4. Dominant and alternate cultural themes in the Iliad Audience: upper-class men Purpose: cultural propaganda. Greek Heros= models of courage skill to men (what to be) women (what to look for- sense of security). a. Dominant Theme: warrior code of personal honor and glory b. Contrasting themes: Family principle, simple country life vs. war, admiration of enemies. 5. Literary works by Homer Blind poet Homer - represents theRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s The Iliad 3570 Words   |  15 PagesInterdisciplinary Studies Dr. Packer Eric G. Shuping March 3, 2015 Final Paper Homer’s poem, The Iliad, explains to us how the Trojan War started with Paris stealing Menelaus wife, Helen, and affected the lives of the Greek and Trojan people. The gods and warriors all desire to earn their honor to prove they are great, which Homer proves that it ends disastrously at times. Homer’s definition of honor in Iliad shows us that the gods, Greeks, and Trojans will do anything to prove their honor, while in

Meaning of a Monologue from Hamlet Free Essays

The proverb means one should be true to oneself. One should try to have his own identity by being himself or herself. This line is a monologue by Polonium, one of the characters of William Shakespearean â€Å"Hamlet†. We will write a custom essay sample on Meaning of a Monologue from Hamlet or any similar topic only for you Order Now This line requests/ advices a person to be truthful in his life. By engaging oneself into self deception, one will only lead his way to menace. The only way to success is through an honest and straightforward life. If we are honest then automatically we will get the friendship of honest people. We all have different thoughts and hopes. All the thoughts and hopes are very different and does not match with others. We also call all these thoughts and hopes as dreams. Our dream can be anything. The dream we see must be real and not some thin which Is Inappeasable on earth. A person can dream of being a dancer or a singer or a swimmer or a cyclist or a runner or a tennis champion or a artist or a cinema artist and these dreams are Just endless. Hen a child see a dream which moms very close and a attachment rises to our heart. We start our Journey of being of what we have dreamt. We try our best to be successful. These dreams are not as easy as It looks. The journey has a lot obstacles In Its path but Is our dream Is real then no one In the world can stop us for making a goal to our alms. A very Important thing Is trust In yourself. Elf this trust Is there then we will never lose a competition. So as a fact we should never stop Instead continue walking Into our life. How to cite Meaning of a Monologue from Hamlet, Papers

Unforgettable Moment free essay sample

When I arrived at the area of the stadium I saw hundreds of peoples. A lot kinds of peoples. All of them have look very happy. At that time, with age as young as I, I feel so excited and enthusiasm. My whole body also able to taste it. The area of the stadium is full with stall, stall that sold everything that connected to football such as jersey, football merchandise, teams flag and many else. I also do not miss to get my favourite team jersey which is Selangor FC and also well-known as The Red Giants. After satisfied walking around the stadium compound. Me and my brother decide to enter the stadium. After my first food step in the stadium the feel of excited strike me again. If the outside of the stadium I can see hundreds of peoples, at the inside I can see thousands of peoples. The place is so crowded and noisy, when I talked to my brother he cannot hear what I am talking about even he is right next to me. We will write a custom essay sample on Unforgettable Moment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After take a seat, I saw every corner of the stadium and the stadium is so huge . At that moment, I bet this must be the biggest stadium in the world. Before the match started all peoples in the stadium need to stand up and sing the national anthem, Negaraku . I sing it with enthusiasm. My adrenalin is rising at the moment. The national anthem ends with a thunderous applause by supporters who come, and again the feel of excited strike me again. Match on that day involving Selangor FC and Perak FC. During the match I did not stop cheering for my favourite team. I think I almost lost my voice on that day. After the 90 minute full game, whistle is blown and match that day ending in a draw. Although the match ending in a draw which do not affect my enjoyment of the day. After all, I back home with feeling very happy. When I arrived at home and I rewind what just happened to me will become my special moment in my life, and guest what, I am true ,the first experience to step foot in stadium watch my favourite team play has become my unforgettable, sweetest and special moment to me until now, and probably until forever.

How To Waste A Lot Of Time And Money By Using Article Spinners

Most article marketing attempts come off as being pretty spammy. That might sound a little harsh, but let’s think through this for a minute. What is article marketing? Leaving aside guest blog posting for just a second, the most popular form of article marketing involves spinning content for the sole purpose of getting backlinks to a site. That approach to writing articles and getting backlinks creates nothing but a recipe for disaster. After three to six months, you’ll come to the dim reality that you’ve just wasted a lot of money and time and have nothing to show for it. How Article Spinning Is Supposed To Work The most advanced article spinners use a spinning syntax. This allows you to create a â€Å"seed article† with words and phrases that can be â€Å"spun† or â€Å"rotated† around within the article. For example, a sentence in an article might read, â€Å"the cat is on the mat.† This could be spun using a syntax like â€Å"[the/a/my] [cat/dog/lizard/pet rock] is [on/under] the [mat/rug/my neighbor’s car].† Each word or phrase is separated by a â€Å"/† or some other special character that the software developer has designated for his article spinning program. This is what allows you to come up with variations on the same sentence like â€Å"The cat is on the mat,† â€Å"My cat is on the mat,† My dog is under my neighbor’s car,† etc. Spun articles are then submitted to blog networks with a link in the footer of the article pointing back to your website. The more links you can pump out via these articles, the better your search engine rankings will be. With this kind of strategy, you could pump out 1,000,000 articles with a few good seed articles and dominate the entire Internet. It’s so easy, right? Not so fast. How Article Spinning Wastes Your Money Because all of the words in every sentence of your seed article have to be interchangeable for the entire article to make sense, it leaves a huge footprint that Google can very easily spot. In fact, many site owners are now seeing notifications in their Webmaster Tools account telling them that Google has discovered â€Å"unnatural linking patterns.† This isn’t 2002 anymore. Google has gotten a lot smarter since its Panda refresh. This algorithm update is specifically designed to weed thin content (i.e. spun articles). Google is also aggressively banning and penalizing blog networks that promote these types of articles with the most high-profile case being the former â€Å"Build My Rank† network. Networks like Unique Article Wizard, My Article Network, Blog Blueprint, LinkVana, Article Marketing Automation, Article Ranks, SEO Link Monster, Rank Jumpers, Authority Link Network, SEO Link Vine Elite, SEO Nitro, and Backlink Buddy have also felt the slap of Google. When it’s all said and done, you’ll spend a lot of time creating seed articles (or buying them), paying for the software to spin it, and then possibly paying for entry into a blog network only to have your site drop in the SERPs. Content Is King, Quality Is Queen The master of linkbuilding, Eric Ward, has build an entire business around the idea of merit-based linkbuilding. Unbelievably, he’s only published several hundred articles during his career (which started before Google even existed) and only has a few thousand backlinks pointing to his site. His secret? He wrote very high quality and insightful articles. He sought hard to get backlinks and guest blog posts. The result? His website, ericward.com, is nailed, stapled, glued, and screwed to the first page of Google for his chosen keywords. You may not have the time, desire, or ability to write great content. That’s fine. You still have two choices before you. You can either spend a little more money now for quality content that will lead to merit-based backlinks and an awesome position in Google’s search engine, or you can spend a lot more money later when the article spinning thing doesn’t work out for you. There’s an old saying that goes like this: â€Å"price buyers are twice buyers.† The choice is yours. What are you going to do?

Complete Guide How to Write a Public Administration Research Paper

Complete Guide How to Write a Public Administration Research Paper A public administration research paper is a type of academic work that is traditionally based on an independent research in such academic disciplines as Political Sciences, International Relations, and any other fields that focus on organizational governance and administration. Public administration has a direct relation to the implementation of a great variety of government policies and preparation of civil servants for introducing and carrying out public services. Being a researcher of this field, you can be asked to: Do a thorough analysis of the chosen topic on Public Administration; Present the final findings of research; Discuss the research findings and their contribution to the field; Make a logical conclusion from what is investigated; Produce a set of recommendations on further research, etc. You can present your public administration research paper as a traditional term paper and create the significant grounds for many researchers in the future at the same time. For that purpose, you should show some well-developed skills in writing a research paper. All of them are aimed at operating with relevant scientific facts, using the effective research methods, making the readers understand the flow of thoughts fully and so on. Read this public administration research paper writing guide to know how to succeed in research paper writing on Public Administration. List of Research Topics to Choose Quickly to Start Writing Choosing a topic is the first step towards creating the best public administration research paper writing. You should choose an interesting topic that can attract the attention of the audience. By the way, don’t forget that you are actually writing a research paper to someone your professor and others who are interested in knowing more about your topic. Read why the audience matters in writing. The topic has to be captivating; otherwise, you would not be interested in conducting thorough research and your audience would not be interested in the obtained results presented in the paper. For that reason, it is necessary to start researching a topic that is really important for you, motivates you to put in personal efforts, and makes you full of enthusiasm to discover new facts and evidence related to the subject of the paper. The best piece of advice is to focus the attention on a narrow topic that can be easily developed into an extensive study. The field of public administration can be characterized by a considerable number of different topics to be researched. All of them are of great importance to the development of governmental policies and their management. These topics usually are related to administrative and support services, healthcare, military, education, research, and culture. As a result, your research paper can be: The thorough analysis of some governmental policies, The evaluation of different political decisions and their influence on the society, The criticism of local or/and federal budget spendings, The exploration of the duties and responsibilities of different administrative units, The examination of differences in state and federal laws, The investigation of the origin of different political systems and interdisciplinarity. It is necessary for you to make a right choice. Follow a set of easy tips that will help you to choose an appropriate topic for public administration research paper: Think of a particular idea, question, or problem, that is interesting to you and that can be explored without any additional difficulties. It should have some impact on the development of public administration. In this way, focus on a clear topic that can make a contribution to the mentioned field of study. Brainstorm topic ideas effectively. There are some great brainstorming methods to get a lot of valuable ideas related to specific areas of public administration. Nonetheless, you should also keep in mind the general requirements to your research paper and brainstorm ideas within them. Check your old notes and library resources related to the subject. It happens that looking through the related material may help you to think of an excellent research topic and provide the supportive information for it. Generate from three to five research questions, make evaluation of their strengths and weaknesses, and chose the most appropriate of them. Create a thesis statement and develop its main message into the topic. In this way, it becomes possible to define a research question, provide an answer to it, and clarify the main purpose of the conducted research. Pre-Writing Tips to Follow for Better Results in Writing There is a strong need to follow a set of particular guidelines and take into consideration a number of useful tips immediately at the first stage of writing. They help to put all the collected information in the right order, present a topic in a clear and understandable manner, and transmit your primary message to the readers. In addition, writing a research paper demands that you make a deep research of a chosen topic, pay attention to its various aspects, and use only reliable sources of information. For that reason, researching the sources and general information related to public relations, government organizations, financial issues, or human resources is considered to be the most important thing. 1.  Ã‚   Define the Type of Research Paper Writing A research paper may be of two types: argumentative and analytical. If you want to write an argumentative research paper, you should search for the information that is debatable and invited to the discussion. For example, it is possible to compare and contrast laws and legislations in different countries and describe their influence on the welfare of the local citizens. This approach will persuade your readers to support your position on the topic. If you want to write an analytical research paper, you should create a research question and search for the information that can provide the answer to it. For example, it is possible to make an analysis of a newly introduced law and study its effectiveness is solving different social issues. In both cases, there is a need to search for primary and secondary sources and analyze the topic based on the found information. The information on Public Administration can be found online on the official sites of the governments or their departments, in the specialized online journals, archives, or libraries, where all the relevant publications are available in printed versions. The useful data usually is presented by laws, legislation, various government policies, different state or federal projects, political decisions, government accountability, public interests, and public relations. What is important, the data should be up-to-date and contain facts and evidence that are pertinent and up to the point. 2.  Ã‚   Say, â€Å"Yes† Only to Reliable Information Sources The quality of your research paper grows and develops along with the amount of the newly discovered information, including a personal interpretation of the author supported by facts and evidence that should be taken from governmental websites and annual reports. Thus, before starting the research, you should find both primary and secondary sources that will become the ground of your research paper. These sources include articles in peer reviewed sources, official statistics, and professional critical evaluations. In addition, searching for the relevant information not only allows to find valuable sources but also offers you a chance to discover new insights in the field of public administration. Pay significant attention to the fact that the any research paper is not a summary of the chosen topic and the results of research. It is a paper where you should present, explain, and prove your research ideas and support them with relevant facts from reliable sources. To search for valuable sources and make their proper evaluation, it is necessary to spend time. A good source is an essential ground for the well-developed public administration research paper. Only in this way, it is possible to provide the reader with the full amount of necessary information to understand the discussed issue. 3.  Ã‚   Develop the Outline of Your Research Paper Title creates a first impression for the reader. That is why it should present a brief information about the topic you are going to You should avoid unnecessary words and word combinations while creating a title and make sure it is short and comprehensive. Great title examples for your research paper on Public Administration are: The Importance of Forecasting Changes and Patterns in Public R Public Administration Areas Handling of Domestic Issues like Violence and A An Analysis of the Main Reasons Why Cities Have Issues of Administering F Thesis statement presents the main idea of the whole research paper. Therefore, it should include your main arguments and briefly explain your central message to the reader. As the thesis statement sets the tone for the whole paper, you should spend some time developing this large and informative sentence. A great example of the thesis statement for public administration research paper is: â€Å"While both representatives of North and South believed they fought against despotism and repressions, the former concentrated on the repressions of slaves at the time when the latter struggled to hold their privilege for self-government.† Body sections should include three or more well-developed parts. Each of them is devoted to a particular aim to review, explain, prove, or discuss the results of research. Here are useful tips for writing an excellent body of your research: Start with a topic sentence. It should contain keywords that are relevant for your research paper and pointed out by you in advance. Think of further explanation of the first sentence and provide some additional sentences for the readers to understand your message. Introduce strong pieces of evidence. If it is a quote, do not forget to cite it properly. Explain the provided information. The explanation is essential as the readers have to understand the importance of the mentioned facts and be able to evaluate them in relation to the topic. Create a concluding sentence. Each body paragraph should end with a conclusion that demonstrates the contributions of the paragraph to the discussed issue. Take into consideration the following example of the main research paper part: â€Å"Despite the great results in the first month after an introduction of a social program, political experts doubt that it will have a significant influence on the overall development of the local culture. Looking back, the local authorities have already introduced a range of the developmental programs; nonetheless, they only slightly changed the situation for better. As famous journalist Jon Katz once said, â€Å"We live in a fragmented and disconnected culture,† and that is why it is quite difficult to develop and introduce successful cultural programs. Nowadays, people have become more culturally separated, being indifferent to the cultural preferences of the others. Taking into account this fact, there is a need to create more flexible programs that would be able to adapt and function in different cultural communities throughout the country.† Every well-written research paper has a number of logical conclusions an author should arrive at. Yours is no exception. For that reason, include such an essential part of a research paper as a conclusion. Remember that it isn’t just an element of the particular descriptive process. This is the part where you should explain how your research paper can influence the field by naming the findings. Post-Writing Public Administration Research Paper Writing Tips Last but not least is to take into account the following post-writing tips provided be some experienced specialists in academic writing. Thus, all of them highly recommend to proofread a paper. So when the public administration research paper is written, it is crucial to read the whole paper and check its structure and content. Each body paragraph should have particular structure and include topic sentence, its further explanation, a piece of evidence or a fact and its explanation, and a concluding sentence. In addition, all the claims should be supported with the relevant facts and evidence found in reliable sources. The information in the text should be presented in a comprehensive and understandable way without irrelevant words and word combinations. Besides, you should read the paper for the second time and check it for misspellings, improper citations, content inaccuracies, and third-person pronouns. What is more, it is crucial for you to check all the supportive facts, evidence , and final results. Finally, the paper should be presented in a particular format and the reference list should be arranged in alphabetical order.

National Gallery of Art Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

National Gallery of Art - Research Paper Example Also, I like his idea about the â€Å"15 minutes of fame†. His exhibit is located at the East Upper Level of the National Gallery of Art in DC that will run from September 25, 2011 to January 2, 2012 (National Gallery of Museum and Art, 2011). Andy Warhol’s Headlines: To Whom Does the News Belong features a timely articulation of the artistic perspective of the news industry in America. The news, which is typically a dry reporting of events and people take a new life of its own when Andy Warhol interprets it. In his interpretation about news, Warhol provides the uncanny definition that if somebody is in the news, then the news company should be paying the subject because they are selling the news of a person. The news company will however say that they should not because they are helping the subject of the news. News should be broadcasted and should be owned by everybody because if news does not have any news, then news is not a news. This is an uncanny play of words by Andy Warhol about the news I believe is the gist of the exhibit. In the exhibit, I took special notice about the Andy Warhol’s gift to Sean Penn when she married him in 1985. I am a big Madonna fan so I took a particular notice about the silkscreen gift of Andy Warhol to Madonna where it depicted Madonna’s reaction to show business magazines when they ran an unauthorized nude picture of her. The present had a fictional New York Post headline that reads â€Å"Madonna: I’m Not Ashamed† with hundreds of Keith Haring signature action figures. What used to be a scandalous news suddenly became a piece of art when Andy Warhol touched it. This is a typical example of Andy Warhol’s artistic ingenuity that transcends to everyday mundane subject such as news. What seems to be ordinary became an object of art when it is presented at a different perspective and overlaid with artistic impressions. This makes a typical uninterested party like me to

Selecting Forensic Tools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Selecting Forensic Tools - Essay Example ion/attack. It is, hence, computer detective work. The importance of computer forensic technologies to the securitization of information and for the detection of the source of cyber crimes, manifest in the unauthorized retrieval of data, cannot be overemphasized. As both Stephenson (1999) and Carrier (2004) emphasize, organizations which do not have a digital forensics system in place are inexcusably careless and irresponsible. The implication here is that organizations which handle sensitive data, especially data which the law holds as confidential and private such as patient information, will have a digital forensics system in place. This was confirmed by our organization's IT Director who explained that a digital forensics analysis system was implemented over two years ago. While the IT Director claimed that the organization did not abide by criteria for the determination of whether to use open source or commercial tool sets, his explanation of the system and the process of its selection underscore its efficiency. Tool Selection The selection of the tool set was determined by the needs of the organization, the nature of its data and, importantly, a review of past attacks and unauthorized intrusion attempts. As a healthcare organization, the securitization of data is of primary importance since the leakage of patient information to unauthorized personnel renders the organization vulnerable to litigation. Furthermore, because of the nature of its activities, the data information combines between text, as in medical reports and demographic data, graphics, as in patient X-rays, and numbers, as in financial information. The organization, therefore, has to protect three data types. In their analysis of the various computer forensic tools, Yasinsac and Manzano (2001) maintain that the criteria for selection should be data type and organizational needs and activities. Further explaining this, they note that the tools which are used vis--vis graphical data are not effective when used for numerical or textual information. Watermarking tools are most effective where graphical data is concerned but not so in relation to textual data (Yasinsac and Manzano, 2001). Furthermore, whether commercial or open source tool sets are used should depend on an organization's size, the complexity of its functions and the volumes of data it handles (Yasinsac and Manzano, 2001). Even though he concurred with Yasinsac and Manzano's (2001) recommendations, the IT director admitted that adherence to their tool set selection criteria was not feasible. While open-source rather than commercial tools were used as a result of the complexity of the organization's processes and the volumes of data it handles, it did not distinguish between graphic and text-based data. Doing so would involve the implementation of two different digital forensics tool sets, thereby multiplying the human and non-human resources assigned

HR Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

HR - Research Paper Example The company’s vision is to become one of the leading diversified oil companies in the world, characterized by a highly motivated workforce, as well as, safe operations. The company’s mission is to enhance profitability and safety in mining and supplying of hydrocarbon fuels and feedstock. The company as well focuses on contributing to development of the nation. One of the company’s key goals is fulfilling the country aspired standards for quality assurance, as well as, environmental protection. Because of global warming, there are set standards both locally and internationally, for environmental conservation. Because of the level of environmental degradation associated with mining companies, the company faces extremely high standards. Additionally, because of sensitivity of oil products, the products’ set standards are as well high. The company as well is committed to implementing a couple of national policies meant to increase employment opportunities for the citizens. One of the key external factors that affect the company is the political factor. Over the last a couple of decades, there have been a series of political unrest in a couple of Middle East countries. This has been a threat to the stability of the company’s profitability. One of the key reasons behind this is the fact that the company serves a couple of countries in the Middle East. Another key factor is the economic factor. The global economic cycles affect the company’s profitability as well. For example, during the 2008 global financial crisis, the company registered a decline in profitability. On the other hand, when the global economy is doing well, the company registers increased profitability. Technological factor as well affect the company. For example, the company has taken advantage of the ever-changing technology to automate most of its oil production operations. This has enhanced efficiency in

Zimmerman Telegraph Impact and Summary

Zimmerman Telegraph Impact and Summary Michael Dean Dennis G. Medina The Zimmerman Telegraph was the catalyst that threw the United States into World War I. In the Zimmerman Telegraph, the German Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs sends to the German Minister of Mexico a telegram stating that they want Mexico to become their ally and in turn Mexico would regain their lost territory from the United States (Zimmerman, 1917).   This caused the American public, who were against the war, to become enraged and want to join the fray. The historical context of this document is that the United States was trying to stay out of World War I, and the general consensus of Americans did not want the United States to go to war.   However, with the finding of this telegram Americans became outraged and wanted to join the war.   Many historians say that without the telegraph the United States would not have joined the war.   The primary source document, being the Zimmerman Telegraph, is contextually important to this time due to the fact that without it being found the United States might not have gone to war. The Zimmerman Telegraph is a piece of text sent from the German Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs to the German Minister of Mexico.   It was sent in 1917, and its purpose was to gain an alliance with Mexico.   A summary of this document is that the Germans were going to start unrestricted submarine warfare the 1st of February.   The document also went to state that if the United States became un-neutral that they would ally themselves with Mexico, and in turn they would help Mexico retake their original territories of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.   The document closed by saying that the President of Mexico should also reach out to Japan to enter the war as an ally as well (Zimmerman, 1917). This source was incredibly important when it was uncovered.   Due to this document, the United States entered World War I.   This source is also important because it showed how important intelligence gathering is and was during wartime.   Due to Britain having a deciphering means for the German cipher, they were able to accurately break the encryption on the telegram.   This priority on intelligence has been a main focus during war times.   The evidence that this provides for the society that produced it was that the Germans were terrified of the United States entering the war.   We can see this due to the fact that they did not want America to join the war, and if they were to join they wanted Mexico to be an ally to help fight the United States (Zimmerman, 1917).   The consequences of send the telegram and the telegram being deciphered was the United States entered World War I.   Because the United States entered the war, the Allies were able to defeat the Germans a nd their own allies. The evaluation that I give to this primary sources is that it was an extremely important intelligence victory for the Allies.   Due to the uncovering of the telegram, the United States was able to make sure Mexico did not attack them.   As well due to the outrage of the American public, the United States entered World War I.   What I inferred from the document was that the Germans were scared of America.   They were terrified of the United States entering the war, because they knew of the power that Americans troops would bring to the fight.   This is why they were going to try and get Mexico to attack American soil.   Due to the efforts of the intelligence professionals who discovered the telegram, the war took a turn for the best for the Allied armies. Primary Source Document Zimmermann, Arthur. 2009. Zimmermann Telegram, 1917. Zimmerman Note, 1917 1. Points of View Reference Center, EBSCOhost (accessed March 19, 2017).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   https://proxy.nvc.alamo.edu:4443/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=pwhAN=21213051site=eds-live Primary Source Document Foreign Relations of the United States, 1917, Supplement I, p. 147-148 The Ambassador in Great Britain (Page) to the Secretary of State London, February 24, 1917, 1 p.m. [Received 8:30 p.m.] 5747. My 5746, February 24, 8 a.m. For the President and the Secretary of State. Balfour had handed me the text of a cipher telegram from Zimmermann, German Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, to the German Minister of Mexico, which was sent via Washington and relayed by Bernstorff of January 19. You can probably obtain a copy of the text relayed by Bernstorff from the cable office in Washington. The first group is the number of the telegram, 130, and the second is 13042, indicating the number of the code used. The last group but two is 97556, which Zimmermanns signature. I shall send you by mail a copy of the cipher text and of the decode into German and meanwhile I give you the English translation as follows: We intend to begin on the 1st of February unrestricted submarine warfare. We shall endeavor in spite of this to keep the United States of America neutral. In the event of this not succeeding, we make Mexico a proposal of alliance on the following basis: make war together, make peace together, generous financial support and an understanding on our part that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. The settlement in detail is left to you. You will inform the President of the above most secretly as soon as the outbreak of war with the United States of America is certain and add the suggestion that he should, on his own initiative, invite Japan to immediate adherence and at the same time mediate between Japan and ourselves. Please call the Presidents attention to the fact that the ruthless employment of our submarines now offers the prospect of compelling England in a few months to make peace. Signed Zimmermann. The receipt of this information has so greatly exercised the British Government that they have lost no time in communicating it to me to transmit to you, in order that our Government may be able without delay to make such disposition as may be necessary in view of the threatened invasion of our territory. Early in the war, the British Government obtained possession of a copy of the German cipher code used in the above message and have made it their business to obtain copies of Bernstorffs cipher telegrams to Mexico, amongst others, which are sent back to London and deciphered here. This accounts for their being able to decipher this telegram from the German Government to their representative in Mexico and also for the delay from January 19 until now in their receiving information. This system has hitherto been a jealously guarded secret and is only divulged now to you by the British Government in view of the extraordinary circumstances and their friendly feeling towards the United States. They earnestly request that you will keep the source of your information and the British Governments method of obtaining it profoundly secret, but they put no prohibition on the publication of Zimmermanns telegram itself. The copies of this and other telegrams were not obtained in Washington but were brought in Mexico. I have thanked Balfour for the service his Government has rendered us and suggest that a private official message of thanks from our Government to him would be beneficial. I am informed that this information has not yet been given to the Japanese Government but I think it not unlikely that when it reaches them they may make a public statement on it in order to clear up their position regarding the United States and prove their good faith to their Allies. The Essential Documents of American History was compiled by Norman P. Desmarais and James H. McGovern of Providence College.

The Causes of the Showa Restoration :: Historical Periods Showa Restoration Essays

The Causes of the Showa Restoration Sonno joi, "Restore the Emperor and expel the Barbarians," was the battle cry that ushered in the Showa Restoration in Japan during the 1930's.Footnote1 The Showa Restoration was a combination of Japanese nationalism, Japanese expansionism, and Japanese militarism all carried out in the name of the Showa Emperor, Hirohito. Unlike the Meiji Restoration, the Showa Restoration was not a resurrection of the Emperor's powerFootnote2, instead it was aimed at restoring Japan's prestige. During the 1920's, Japan appeared to be developing a democratic and peaceful government. It had a quasi-democratic governmental body, the Diet,Footnote3 and voting rights were extended to all male citizens.Footnote4 Yet, underneath this seemingly placid surface, lurked momentous problems that lead to the Showa Restoration. The transition that Japan made from its parliamentary government of the 1920's to the Showa Restoration and military dictatorship of the late 1930s was not a sudden transformation. Liberal forces were not toppled by a coup overnight. Instead, it was gradual, feed by a complex combination of internal and external factors. The history that links the constitutional settlement of 1889 to the Showa Restoration in the 1930s is not an easy story to relate. The transformation in Japan's governmental structure involved; the historical period between 1868 and 1912 that preceded the Showa Restoration. This period of democratic reforms was an underlying cause of the militarist reaction that lead to the Showa Restoration. The transformation was also feed by several immediate causes; such as, the downturn in the global economy in 1929Footnote5 and the invasion of Manchuria in 1931.Footnote6 It was the convergence of these external, internal, underlying and immediate causes that lead to the military dictatorship in the 1930's. The historical period before the Showa Restoration, 1868-1912, shaped the political climate in which Japan could transform itself from a democracy to a militaristic state. This period is known as the Meiji Restoration.Footnote7 The Meiji Restoration of 1868 completely dismantled the Tokugawa political order and replaced it with a centralized system of government headed by the Emperor who served as a figure head.Footnote8 However, the Emperor instead of being a source of power for the Meiji Government, became its undoing. The Emperor was placed in the mystic position of demi-god by the leaders of the Meiji Restoration. Parliamentarians justified the new quasi-democratic government of Japan, as being the "Emperor's Will." The ultra-nationalist and militaristic groups took advantage of the Emperor's status and claimed to speak for the Emperor.Footnote9 These then groups turned the tables on the parliamentarians by claiming that they, not the civil government, represented the "Imperial Will." The parliamentarians, confronted with this perversion of their own policy,

Action Plans: Enhancing Training Development for Employees Essay

Abstract This research paper analyzes and summarizes three published articles and a textbook that provides information on the results from a previous research conducted. The previous conducted research analyzed and summarized the use of action plans that employers and employee structure to develop and enhance training methods to improve job performances. The three articles vary in the definitions of an action plan, the different types of action plans, and the effectiveness of action plans in the workforce. Paul Thoresen states, â€Å"action planning should be an interactive process involving both management and employees because it allows more generated ideas, spreads out accountability for successful results in job performances† (Thoresen, 2014, p.1). On another note, the other articles define and provide precise information regarding action planning in the workforce. This paper analyzes and summarizes three different articles, including Thoresen’s, each article pertains to the use of an action plan that will enhance the training development in the workforce. Action Plans: Enhancing Training Development for Employees Human Resource Development is a practice used in the working environment that combines training, organization, and career development to help improve and encourage individuals, group, and organizational performances. Employers are practicing enhancing the training development for employees’ job performances by structuring action plans for the employee who is obtaining employment. â€Å"An action plan is a written document that provides steps that a member of the management team and the employee will abide by to ensure that the training transfers into the job performance† (Noe, 2013,p.216-217). Action plans used to design training for employee development will be the topic that will be researched and analyzed in depth throughout this paper. The foremost reason behind choosing this topic is that there will be an opportunity of gaining knowledge surrounding action plans. In addition, researching and analyzing this topic will also benefit in developing and enhancing certain managerial skills that focus on training and developing an employee’s job performance. Action plans are strongly emphasized in the  workforce and are effective in the development in the employee’s training and job performance. Paul Thoresen’s article, Survey Action Planning to Drive Change, is an effective article published on LinkedIn, a social media website for members who have a connection within the Business Industry. The article’s summary is based on a conducted survey that was researched within the internal and external roles. The summarization also provides resourceful tips in introducing the topic of action planning in the workforce. Thoresen provides general guidelines on effective action planning, his definition of action planning, and steps on structuring an effective action plan. According to Thoresen, â€Å"there are five benefits of action planning such as: building credibility, helping in understanding the purpose of employer’s reactions, enhancing open communication, learning that time and opinions matter, and buy-in for all involved and opportunities to pull† (Thoresen, 2014, p.1). Previously stated, â€Å"Action planning should be an interactive process involv ing both management and employees by allowing ideas to be generated and a broader spectrum of the workforce is represented† (Thoresen, 2014,p.1). Read more:  What is Employee Development? Action plans help in expanding accountability for management and employees. In addition, this article exhibits common mistakes from employers when developing training guides for future employees. Thoresen (2014) provides an exceptional insight stating that one area that often gets short shrift is training for managers as well as for HR Business Partners. Managers may likely need assistance to communicate results and conduct feedback sessions. Also stating that there needs to be support for this and time allotted to make it happen. Managers and teams need to be empowered to make suggestions and make change happen. This article clearly exemplifies that training development amongst employers and employee should be well structured and focus on the impact of an employee’s job performance and the workforce. The next article’s, researched and published by the Littler Learning Group in 2009, is summarized as a guideline for individuals who obtain a management or supervision pos ition. Performance Management and Corrective Action: A Resource Guide for Managers and Supervisors gives a breakdown of an effective training guide that employers should provide and make sure their management team are extremely knowledgeable to train the employees. The Little Learning Group (2009) states, that a good action plan is task-oriented, specific, offers the appropriate training or help, sets  goals, sets a timetable for effecting change, explains the consequences of continued poor performance, removes obstacles to performance, and lastly considers appropriateness of professional resources. The opinion of this group corresponds with Thoresen’s definition of action planning because it identifies that an action plan is used in training development to better the employee’s job performance. In addition, each action plan must be structured in a sufficient amount of time in order to be efficient and make an impact in the training development. There are various guidelines in structuring effective action plans, but most importantly is that managers are capable of helping the trainees get resources they need to complete his or her action plan (Noe, 2013, p.216). In order for an action plan to be effective in training development and improving the employee’s job performance, the management team must have sufficient knowledge and the necessary tools to help ensure that the employees are able to improve and learn. In addition throughout all the conducted research, action plans must effectively partake in training development by being planned with enough time. According to the article and textbook, â€Å"action plans provide schedules that check progress being made in using learned capabilities on the job and that the action plan process should begin by identifying goals and strategies for reaching the goals† (Group, L. L. (n.d.)., 2009, p.14) Furthermore, the last article researched is a sample of an action plan that was structured by a Human Resource department in hopes to determine the effect it has in the training development and the business’s performance. The article written by Ciel S. Cantoria, Human Resources Strategic Planning and a Sample HR Action Plan, concludes that Human Resource departments obtain a vital role in achieving a business’s mission and that it must first establish goals and strategies in a timely manner. In addition, the article (2011) explains th at it is important that goals are formed and structured to be met to help enhance job performances and to also have a process that begins by first identifying a goal and strategies to reach that particular goal. For example, this article provides ten goals that the Human Resource department would like to include in the hiring process of a new employee and the strategies needed in order to accomplish the goals successfully. It is easily interpreted that Cantoria’s article corresponds with the other two articles and the textbook by stating that the members of the management team must be knowledgeable and  qualified in training employees to create an effective action plan. For example, this action plan is similar to the sample action plan listed on page 217 in the textbook, Employee Training and Development, by Raymond Noe by stating each goal must have strategies to correspond with the goal. In conclusion, it is easily determined that action plans obtain a vital role in the Business Industry by enhancing the development in employee training. Action plans need to be structured carefully and must be precise in order to be effective in employee training development. Most importantly, in order for action plans to continue enhancing the workforce, action plans must be introduced and supported by the management team of any business. After carefully researching, analyzing, and summarizing the articles, action plans in the workforce will be beneficial in all future endeavors that consist of employee training development, employee’s job performances, and lastly the business structure. Action plans are strongly emphasized in the workforce and are effective in the development in the employee’s training and job performance. References Cantora, C. (2011, March 11). Fundamentals of Human Resources Strategic Planning: Sample HR Plan Available. Brighthub Project Management. Retrieved October 5, 2014, from http://www.brighthubpm.com/resource-management/26611-human-resources-strategic-planning-and-a-sample-hr-action-plan/ Group, L. L. (n.d.). Performance Management and Corrective Action: A Resource Guide For Managers &Supervisors. www.csus.edu. Retrieved October 5, 2014, from http://www.csus.edu/hr/docs/professional/perfmgmtandcorrectiveaction050109.pdf Noe, R. A. (2013). Program Design. Employee training and development (6 ed., pp. 216-217). New York: McGraw-Hill. Thoresen, P. (2014, April 7). Survey Action Planning to Drive Change. World’s Largest Professional Network. Retrieved October 5, 2014, from https://www.linkedin.com/today/post/article/20140407110833-29417413-survey-action-planning-to-drive-change

Jane Austen Did Not Write Epics

Jane Austen Did Not Write Epics Jane Austen Did Not Write Epics Jane Austen Did Not Write Epics By Maeve Maddox A recent film on a romantic episode in the life of 18th century novelist Jane Austen (1775-1817) has called forth a lot of commentary on the web. Heres the blurb that prompted this article: Becoming Jane: Author Jane Austen (Anne Hathaway) eventually became famous for writing epic novels like Pride and Prejudice and Sense and Sensibility. In popular usage, epic is often used to denote extraordinary length or size. For example, someone might try to ask a long-winded companion to get to the point by saying: Just give me the facts. I dont need an epic. Used to denote size, epic is almost always accompanied by proportions. Indeed, so clichà ©d is the expression epic proportions that theres a play with that title. Since the longest Jane Austen novel comes to only about 300 pages, the writer quoted above cannot have meant to use epic in the sense of size or length. When speaking of novels or poems, the word epic has to do with certain aspects of the story and its treatment. The baseline epics are Homers Iliad and Odyssey, stories of larger-than-life national heroes like Achilles and Odysseus engaged in struggles involving the fate of nations or entire races. In the classic sense, epics employ high-flown language. They have lengthy casts of characters, and they often take place over the course of many years. Some well-known novel and film epics are Tolstoys War and Peace, Mitchells Gone With the Wind, DeMilles Ten Commandments, Griffiths Birth of A Nation, Gibsons Braveheart, and Tolkien/Jacksons Lord of the Rings trilogy. The romantic misunderstandings of Miss Bennett and Mr. Darcy, played out in elegant 18th century drawing rooms, belong to a type of novel called the novel of manners. Manners here doesnt mean merely such things as opening a door for a lady or the saying of please and thank you. The novel of manners focuses on domestic matters as opposed to warfare and the realm of the male. The central character is generally a woman and such novels are often written by women, although The Forsythe Saga by John Galsworthy is an example of the genre. This kind of novel describes the way people living at a certain time in a particular place behave, how they arrange marriages, how they bring up their children, what they hope for, and what they settle for. Although usually thought of as a distinctly British genre, the novel of manners occupies a significant place in American literature. The novels of Edith Wharton, Henry James, Kate Chopin, and Claire Messud are novels of manners. Youll find a useful introduction to the genre and its feminist associations at enotes.com. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:10 Grammar Mistakes You Should AvoidDriver License vs. Driver’s LicenseConversational Email

Perl Array Splice() Function - Quick Tutorial

Perl Array Splice() Function - Quick Tutorial The Perl splice function takes the following form: Perls splice() function is used to cut out and return a chunk or portion of an array. The portion that is cut out starts at the OFFSET element of the array and continues for LENGTH elements. If the LENGTH is not specified, it will cut to the end of the array. Example of the Perl Splice Function Think of the myNames array as a row of numbered boxes, going from left to right, numbered starting with a zero. The splice() function would cut a chunk out of the myNames array starting with the element in the #1 position (in this case, Michael) and ending 3 elements later at Matthew. The value of someNames then becomes (Michael, Joshua, Matthew), and myNames is shortened to (Jacob, Ethan, Andrew). Using the Optional REPLACE_WITH As an option, you can replace the portion removed with another array by passing it in the REPLACE_WITH argument. In the above example, the splice() function would cut a chunk out of the myNames array starting with the element in the #1 position (in this case, Michael and ending 3 elements later at Matthew. It then replaces those names with the contents of the moreNames array. The value of someNames then becomes (Michael, Joshua, Matthew), and myNames is changed to (Jacob, Daniel, William, Joseph, Ethan, Andrew). You might want to check out some other Perl array functions such as reverse() to reverse the order of your array.

Strategic management 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategic management 2 - Essay Example McDonald’s vision and goals would be studied for their efficacy in achieving its goals and objectives. McDonald’s is the largest chain of fast food restaurants that operates around 32000 outlets across the globe. Its mission and vision statements are key elements of its business strategy. McDonald’s vision statement wants it to become the best fast food outlet. The corporate vision clearly describes its future perspectives as to what it plans to achieve in long term. Its corporate strategy primarily relies on creating value through customer satisfaction and is intrinsically linked to its vision. It helps to achieve its vision by promoting strategic plans that would enhance its value and make it the best fast food restaurant. Bateman and Snell (2009) assert that organizational vision becomes the major motivation element for the workforce to excel. The corporate objectives of McDonald’s are developed so as its vision is aligned with its value through plans and actions that promote its goals and objective. The process of developing a mission statement is highly pertinent for an organization because it defines as to what and how the business intends to operate. The broad framework of mission statement provides firms with strong incentives and plans to focus on strategies that would help it to achieve its vision. The strategies encourage the firms to become flexible and evolve effective plans to meet the challenges of changing times. Mintzberg (1990) believes that businesses need to exploit the current choices to meet the transforming values and trends in the customers’ preferences. Indeed, the business objectives and mission are inherently linked to changing demands of the customers and therefore must constantly strive to be flexible. The mission statement of McDonald’s is to become the favorite place of the customers for their fast food (McDonalds, 2012). Hence,

Strategy for BP investment in Norway Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategy for BP investment in Norway - Case Study Example This investment strategy has been especially popular in the last thirty years. For example, joint ventures between European firms and foreign-based firms have increased by almost 30% since 1985 (Hess & Siegwart, 2013). While not all joint ventures in the oil and gas industry have been successful in the past, BP should use a joint venture for several reasons, most importantly because of the capital-intensive nature of the oil and gas industry. Using the joint venture strategy has become popular for oil and gas companies operating in foreign markets because it saves money. Along with metals processing and mineral extraction, oil and gas exploration and development is a capital intensive industry. Since Norways oil and gas industry is already well-developed, financing such an investment on its own would be a risky undertaking for BP, necessitating the use of a joint venture strategy to share costs and risk, as well as create economies of scale (Grandell et al, 2011). In addition, BP should use a joint venture strategy because of the high costs that will be involved in continuing their operations in such a capital-intensive industry. BP and other petroleum companies are heavily dependent on technology advances so as to achieve lower costs. A joint venture should enable BP to pool its personnel and funds with a Norwegian company with knowledge about the Norwegian petroleum sector in developing advanced technologies, specifica lly to reduce production and exploration costs, while also increasing profit margins. Ideally, BP and its Norwegian partner will contribute roughly the same amount of capital and resources into the joint venture, although Norway does not allow foreign companies to own majority stakes in their oil sector (Grandell et al, 2011). International financial institutions like the WTO, World Bank, and the IMF have been heavily involved in fostering international

Life Histories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Life Histories - Essay Example Hospice workers are actually regarded as the doorway to an end-of-life healthcare system in that includes all practitioner including the nurses, doctors, counselors and chaplains. This idea is mainly observed by the society because most of the patients in hospice organization include patients that are elderly, in comatose or in crucial near-death health condition. Thus, people usually believe that hospice cares are actually health system for people who do not have any more hope for betterment. However, on the contrary to the common belief, hospice care still gives patients hope and strength to struggle for survival and alleviate their adverse health conditions. For patients who are struggling old age and only enduring their last moments in life, other principles are being applied by hospice workers towards their health care system. Thus, hospice health care becomes an important aspect in general care-giving system because of its significance and value for patients who are in serious and critical health conditions. A counselor is mainly a part of the health care system that handles psychological evaluation and gives out support at the same time while aiding the health system of the patient. For a hospice counselor, supporting the patient in psychological and emotional aspects are very much important since it is expected that the patient is already going through tumultuous depression due to his or her health condition. To better understand the concepts of the principles used and applied by the hospice counselor, the writer interviewed Sandi Sunter, a hospice counselor in the Hospice of the Florida Suncoast for already twenty years. When asked the question "How would you describe the nature of your work" he kindly replied that, "dealing with patients in hospice homes is very much emotional and requires lots of patients and understanding." Regarding the principles in hospice healthcare, the writer asked "What are the common human change principles you are using in dealing with your patients in your hospice institutions" To answer this inquiry, Sunter replied that: "Most of the patient already started to give up on their health system thus further aggravating their medical condition. Counselor must be able to give these kinds of patient further psychological and emotional assistance by comforting them through psychosocial component. Some of them provide spiritual comforting others emotional support a nd most of them must always be available for their patients. These patients commonly face fears of losing and dying thus counselor must be present for their patient to rekindle their flame of hope to continue struggling through their health care medication and treatment." In addition, for other kinds of patients who are struggling through their old age with their remaining time of their life, other approaches must be used in dealing with them. According to Sunter, most of the patients in this class have already accepted the fact that their deaths are already impending thus they only wish to enjoy their remaining moments. This will be the point where counselor should come in. They must always assure that they wish of their patients must be met and be able to give their patients supports for them to enjoy their remaining time. Hospice health care is actually a major turning point in the life of their

Theory to Practice Essay Example for Free

Theory to Practice Essay The two parties involved never had a valid written contract. In the scenario, the parties negotiated for a period of 90 days and 3 days before the deadline set in the original negotiation contract they reached a verbal distribution agreement. In the original negotiation contract, it states that there would be no distribution contract unless it was in writing. When the BTT manager sent the e-mail to Chou, he mentioned the terms of a distribution agreement, but it does not make the email a contract due to the fact that neither party signed it. Only an oral agreement was reached. Without a legally binding draft and both parties signatures no contract exists. Though the contract was in process even the details had been identified, however; it fell through the cracks because of the management change at BTT. Initially, BTT paid Chou $25,000 for exclusive negotiation rights to his board game for a 90-day period and held meetings where details were discussed and agreed upon. This lead Chou to believe they were serious about finalizing an agreement on a distribution contract. Chou received an e-mail with the details of the contract, however; nowhere on the e-mail did it note that it was in-fact a contract. Chou received a fax from BTT requesting a draft for a distribution agreement contract. Chou immediately responded and then did not hear back from BTT for several months. New management at BTT took over and made the decision to inform Chou that they are no longer interested. Since the contract was not drafted within the original 90-day period, the new management was not obligated to distribute the board game, and therefore, had every right to turn Chou away instead of  honoring the oral contract. However, the statute of frauds also constitutes the e-mail as a sign document. â€Å"Case 6.3 Stevens v. Public is a great example of the court awarding the contract since the e-mails contained the name at the end of each message that signaled the author’s intent to validate its contents,† (Melvin, 2011, p. 152). The fact that both parties were communicating by email did not have an impact on my analysis of the situation. In the paperless world that has evolved, electronic communication is just as effective as paper communication. This e-mail shows an agreement by both parties on the key terms of the distribution agreement made in the meeting. Even though the e-mail never stated the word â€Å"contract,† this e-mail still shows an acknowledged contract of terms between BTT and Chou. Using the Mailbox rule, this e-mail had a name at the bottom of the page is considered a signature on an electronic document (Melvin, 2011, p. 137). Under the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), the statute of frauds applies to any contract for the sale of goods for $500 or more, and any lease transaction for goods amounting to $1,000 or more (Melvin, 2011, p. 151). Chou received the $25,000 under the negotiation agreement, which should be considered under the sale of goods of the Strat game. Under UCC laws, the statue of fraud applies when a contract cannot be fulfilled within one year’s time. Under these stipulations, the statute would apply. However, there is one element required to meet this stipulation, and that is the signature of the party in the contract. The e-mail from BTT shows the acknowledged agreement between the two parties with a name at the bottom of the e-mail showing an electronic signature from the company. The issue of Chou being misled by the money, verbal agreement, and the e-mail could also be used in this scenario. BTT cannot avoid this contract with the doctrine of mistake because there was no unilateral mistake in the scenario (Melvin, 2011, p. 141). A mistake is defined under contract law as â€Å"The belief that is not in accord with the facts.† They have not done anything to indicate there were any mistakes on the agreements with Chou. Chou may have a unilateral mistake because his  90-days were up in just three days. He managed to get an oral agreement with BTT in a timely manner. Before Chou could type up their agreement, a BTT manager sent him the e-mail that stating the agreed information, he made the mistake of thinking this was the contract from BTT. Assuming arguendo that the e-mail constituted an agreement between BTT and Chou, both parties were in agreement to the terms of the distribution agreement even though it was only verbal. The verbal agreement was done within the 90-day period as specified by the negotiation agreement. Also, BTT gave a check for $25,000 for the exclusive negotiating rights shows that BTT intended to reach a contract with Chou. Both parties had been actively participating several months as if the agreement were in active status. Finally, BTT had also sent Chou a fax asking him to send them a draft of a contract for the distribution agreements. BTT has stated they are no longer interested in distributing Chou’s new strategy game, Strat. By BTT making this decision, they are breach of contract with Chou. Chou could be entitled to sue BTT in an attempt to recover damages. Remedies at law would constitute compensatory damages against BTT. Some of the claims that might be legitimate to this case are: 1. Breach of contract- There are some cases where the breach is not material, sometimes referred to as partial breach, where the nonbreaching party may not be relieved from performing. However, the nonbreaching party may still recover damages related to the breach from the breaching party (Melvin, 2011, p.168 ). 2. Compensatory damages- Cover a broad spectrum of losses for recovery of actual damages suffered by the nonbreaching party. These damages are an attempt to put the nonbreaching party in the same position she would have been in if the other party had performed as agreed. This includes such sums as out-of-pocket damages and even potential profits that would have been earned if performance had occurred (Melvin, 2011,p.171). 3. Injunctive relief- A court order to refrain from performing a particular act is known as injunctive relief (Melvin, 2011, p.173). 4. Promissory estoppel- Theory allowing for the recovery of damages by the relying party if the promisee actually relied on the promise and the promisees reliance was reasonably foreseeable to the promisor (Melvin,  2011, p.143). 5. Consequential damages- Consequential damages compensate the nonbreaching party for foreseeable indirect losses not covered by compensatory damages. An aggrieved party is entitled to recover consequential damages if the damages are caused by unique and foreseeable circumstances beyond the contract itself. In order to recover consequential damages, the damages must flow from the breach (i.e., the damages were a consequence of the breach) (Melvin, 2011, p.171). 6. Restitution- Restitution is a remedy designed to prevent unjust enrichment of one party in an agreement. In the event that one party is in the process of performing the contract and the other party commits a material breach, the nonbreaching party is entitled to rescind (cancel) the contract and receive fair market value for any services rendered (Melvin, 2011, p.172). 7. Liquidated damages- Liquidated damages are damages that the parties agree to ahead of time. In some cases it may be very difficult to determine actual damages, so parties may agree at the time of the contract that a breach would result in a fixed damage amount. Liquidated damages provisions are commonly used in license agreements (such as a software-user’s license) whereby the parties agree (Melvin, 2011, p.172). 8. specific performance- Specific performance is a remedy whereby a court orders the breaching party to render the promised performance by ordering the party to take a specific action. This remedy is only available when the subject matter of the contract is sufficiently unique so that money damages are inadequate. 17 Therefore, specific performance is rarely available in a sale of goods case unless the goods are rare (such as a coin collection) or distinctive (such as a sculpture) where the buyer cannot reasonably be expected to locate the goods anywhere else (Melvin, 2011, p.172). 9. Reformation- When the parties have imperfectly expressed their agreement and this imperfection results in a dispute, a court may change the contract by rewriting it to conform to the parties’ actual intentions. This contract modification is called reformation (Melvin, 2011, p.173). Technically a breach of contract only exists if BTT sent the e-mail within the 90 day period. If the e-mail was not sent within the 90 day period there is a possibility that the stipulations in the negotiation agreement will cause trouble for Chous case. However, BTT did eventually send the e-mail  which I believe will hold up in court, and give Chou the remedies he needs and deserves. There are many rules that one must follow to make a contract a legal document. Whether a document is written or an oral agreement, these must be followed exact. People whether they are business owners or not, face issues with contract on a daily basis. This is why there are laws in place to protect them and punish them when fraud occurs. References Melvin, S. P. (2011). The Legal Environment of Business: A Managerial Approach: Theory to Practice. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin

Ibelemas Identity Crisis and Wilsons Oppositional Dress :: Identity Oppositional

Ibelema's Identity Crisis and Wilson's Oppositional Dress In Minabrere Ibelema's essay "Identity Crisis", Ibelema suggests that the mainstream american culture is so powerful that all cultures conform to it. Ibelema does this by showing how the mass media portrays African Americans in relation to their cultural identity by using situation comedies as a measuring tool. Of the episodes Ibelema uses very few of them look at African Americans cultural identity. However, what they do is briefly address a cultural story line for one episode, but then revert back to the mainstream anglo programming. On the otherhand, Elizabeth Wilson says in her essay "Oppositional Dress" that sub cultures do exist in society and are strong enough to resist assimilation into the mainstream, and still exist on their own terms. Wilson proves her point by giving examples of sub cultures that appeared in society, and she shows that they still thrive today.On example Wilson uses is the hippie culture that evolved in the 1960's. She points out that hippies can be seen t oday in some areas of the United states, proving her point. She also mentions other movements like the Gay Liberation Movement, the Punk movement, and the Skin Heads, who can all be seen in some form today. In mainstream american culture some individual sub cultures do get lost in the mainstream, but are not forgotten, however most oppositional cultures resist assimilation into the main steam and continue to define themselves on their own terms. In Ibelema's essay, he says that the mainstream culture is so strong that individual cultures assimilate into it. This proposition is not completely correct. The examples Ibelema uses are derived from situation comedies that are directed at a cross cultural mainstream audience. His point is that the African American culture is nonexistent, or assimilated because African American cultural values are not expressed fully in these sitcoms, thus they are a part of the assimilation process. Because these sitcoms are directed at a cross cultural audience the assumption Ibelema uses is false. The African American culture is not lost in america, its existence is found in the homes of African Americans throughout america and is passed on through mothers and fathers, and grand mothers and grand fathers. An opposing view to this argument is Elizabeth Wilson's essay "Oppositional Dress". Her belief is that sub cultures exist in the mainstream society, and they dictate their own existence.

Ireland and Its Development Essay -- Irish Ireland Economy Essays

Ireland and Its Development 1. Introduction Ireland has faced extremely fast development in many industrial sectors during the last decades. This has not happened by accident and that is what made it for us an interesting case to study in more detail. The Irish government policy towards Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) has affected in large extend to Multinational Organizations’ investment decisions into Ireland. The FDI is one of the main focuses through the paper as we see that they have had a major impact on the development of Ireland during the 80’s and 90’s. In this paper we will focus on three main areas. First area is a view to the historical development of the country from the mainly agricultural driven society in the 50’s to a highly developed industrial country in the 21st century. The second part of this paper will focus more carefully on the reasons why this development has been possible. We will go through some theory about government policy in attracting Foreign Direct Investments. The last part of this paper will focus on the company point of view of FDI. We will go through one company example and discuss this according to an introduced theory of companies doing FDI. With this paper the group wants to give the reader a more specific view to the fast and well-planned development Ireland has been able to reach during the recent decades. We hope that this view encourages the reader to take a closer look to the fascinating Irish culture and we hope that the reader will get some perception what possible tools a government has to attract foreign firms to invest in the host country. 2. Economic History 2.1 Overview Ireland will go down in economic history as the economic miracle in the last decade of the twentieth century. For most of the 20th century although, even well into the late 1980s, Ireland was in economic terms quite unsuccessful. Chronic unemployment led to large emigration flows and dampened entrepreneurial activity. The country’s economic situation eventually reached crisis levels because of the spillover effects of the two oil shocks of the 1970s and the high interest rates resulting from the United States’ anti-inflationary policies of the early 1980s. By 1988, the public debt exceeded 140% of Irelands gross domestic product. But the unemployment situation was also serious, emigration resurged, the economy stag... ...Donnell Kevin D.; â€Å"The economic transformation of Ireland-Underpinnings, Impact and Sustainability of the Rapid Economic Growth†; Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, 1998 †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  OECD; â€Å"Knowledge worth the investment†, OECD 2003 (http://www.oecdwash.org/NEWS/LOCAL/oecdwash-jan2003.pdf) †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Somers Michael J; â€Å"The Irish Economy†, National Treasury Management Agency, 2000 (http://www.ntma.ie/Publications/Parismay00.pdf) †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Torkildsen, Erik et al.; â€Å"Ireland in the Global Market for Foreign Direct Investment-A study of Eight Norwegian Companies†; Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, 1996 †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  World Bank; "Social Policy and Macroeconomics: The Irish Experience", World Bank, 2001 (http://www.worldbank.org/transitionnewsletter/octnovdec02/pgs20-23.htm) †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  World Bank; â€Å"Ireland: Participation in macroeconomic policymaking and reform†, World Bank 2002 (http://www.worldbank.org/participation/web/webfiles/ireland.htm) Internet sources †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.ida.ie †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.oecd.org/htm/M00008000/M00008465.htm †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.cso.ie †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  www.finance.gov.ie †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ei.html

Christian Iconography Essay

1. Compare and Contrast: Hosios Loukas, Greece (before 1048) v. San Marco, Venice, Italy (building consecrated 1073; mosaics 12th c.) and the Cappella Palatina, Palermo, Sicily (1142/3) Typical Byzantine churches, like all architectural forms, employ relatively standard layouts and similar mosaic programs. Hosios Loukas, preceding both San Marco and Cappella Palatina, is an example of adherence to Byzantine conventions of visual programs and spatial planning. However, the churches of San Marco and Cappella Palatina are departures from such convention. Experiencing greater influence from the West, the churches of San Marco and Cappella Palatina, in their architectural forms and decoration, at once show their Byzantine roots and strides toward westernization. Hosios Loukas, though appearing irregular in its floor plan, is actually two adjoining churches. Built on the space that marks the site of Saint Lucas’ death, the church is an excellent example of Byzantine planning and dec oration. With a large central dome, the church can be divided into three main parts: the sanctuary, which is east of the dome; the naos, which is the central portion; and the narthex, or entry porch. Possessing a cross-like plan, the church is for the most part centrally planned. In the narthex, the typical mosaics of the Pantokrator, the Crucifixion and the Anastasis are employed. The apse mosaic, which is at the far end of the sanctuary, depicts the image of Theotokos sitting on a throne with the Christ Child; above the alter and the apse mosaic rests the mosaic of the Pentecost in the domical vault. In the central dome, which houses the Pantokrator, the circle converts to the square through an octagonal form, a feature shared by Cappella Palatina. The squinches created by the octagon depict scenes from Christ’s life. Furthermore, the likenesses of saints decorate the church. Most importantly however, the decoration of the church contains little extraneous detail. San Marco, however, exists as a transition from the traditional Byzantine format to more westernized looks. Still displaying a cruciform floor plan, the basilical form is integrated into the church. The four lateral domes and one central dome imply this focus on symmetry and centrality, while still allowing for the western influence. The naos is elongated, to create greater linearity and the cross arm of the cross-square is actually a transept. Though exhibiting much of the same scenes, those of San Marco have a particularly greater focus on narrative. One can observe such effects in the Anastasis scenes of both churches. In the Anastasis of Hosios Loukas, only five figures appear: Christ, David, Solomon and Adam and Eve; the five figures possess enough detail to identify them and the scene. In the San Marco example, eleven figures are present. The crowded quality enhances the narrative, allowing them to be read as more of a story and less as a symbolic image representing an event. Similarly, the crucifixion scene of Hosios Loukas and San Marco are respectively simplified and elaborate. Cappella Palatina, built by Roger II a Norman, focuses even greater narrative. The church also further employs the basilical form, while displaying forms from all the cultures that influenced it. Baring less architectural resemblance to the Byzantine church, Cappella Palatina’s mosaics, though depicting much of the same scenes as Hosios Loukas and San Marco, are composed in a rather haphazard way. For example, the nativity, which is usually streamlined to the most integral parts, shows multiple scenes in the same mosaic. In fact, some figures, such as the magi, appear more than once. This technique, allows the viewer to trace out the story of the birth of Christ. The eastern apse looks like a traditional Byzantine church, with a Pantokrator and seated Virgin. However to the west, the basilical nave shows the Western Christian influence. Its use of Old Testament imagery references Western precedents—from Genesis to Jacob wrestling the angel. Similarly, while the walls depict the same scenes as Byzantine churches, their format is different. Its use of registers is unseen in Byzantine counterparts. Also, the multiple Pantokrators that appear in the church, while a Byzantine form, are used in a uniquely un-Byzantine way. Lastly, the church ceiling, which is decorated with muqarnas, shows the Islamic influence. The basilical influence in San Marco and Cappella Palatina is unmistakable. Much of the imagery and its hierarchical placement—with the holiest at the top and most earthly at the bottom—is drawn from Byzantine churches. However, the use of Old Testament scenes and the greater focus on narrative are symptoms of the western influence. San Marco and Cappella Palatina are consequences of the time and place. They are at once Churches of the West and parts of an imperial history and religious tradition from the East. As a result, their appearance reflects the Byzantine influence, in its similarities to Hosios Loukas, and their Ravennic and Roman precedents. 2. Compare and Contrast: Pilgrim eulogia ampulla, Crucifixion and Women at the Tomb, pewter, 6th-7th c. v. The Limburg Staurotheca, 968-985 Though created centuries apart and strikingly different in size and style, the pilgrim eulogia ampulla and the Limburg Staurotheca are similar in many ways. Both are vessels of holy materials and depict Christ and various religious figures. However the ampula represents the more egalitarian form of relic collecting. The Limburg Staurotheca, on the other hand, in its materials and relics is one of the most elite forms of collectorship. Both the Pilgrimage ampulla and the Limburg Staurotheca are composed out of metals. The ampula is made out of pewter, a metal that was readily available at the time and not costly. The Limburg Staurotheca, on the other hand, is made out of gold gilt medal, enamels and gems. The difference in materials is indicative of their intended patrons. The ampulla, which predates the Staurotheca, was created for pilgrims that visited the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. The latter, however, was commissioned by an imperial official and was intended to be viewed by elites. Additionally, both possess the ability to be hung. While the ampulla often hung around the neck of a pilgrim, the Staurotheca, which has a hoop at the top, could have been hung in a devotional space or carried during processions. The function—to hold holy objects—also differs due to its intended viewers. Ampullae such as this were often used to hold holy liquids or soil. However, due to the inscription and its iconographic reference to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and the True Cross, this pilgrimage ampulla was used to hold the oil from the True Cross. Therefore, in a sense, both of these vessels hold parts of the same relic. However, the portability and reproducibility of the oil, made it better equipped for pilgrim patrons. The Staurotheca, contrastingly, holds seven splinters of the true cross. Arranged in such a way to show the historical form of the true cross, the slivers are held in place by jewels and gold framing. Additionally, the Staurotheca also was a reliquary for various other relics, such as Christ’s purple robe, the hair of John the Baptist, etc. Housed behind the ten different panels with inscriptions describing that which is behind them, the Staurotheca is an interactive reliquary. The viewer is able to open the panels and see the relics. The iconography of the vessels also differs. The ampulla depicts two scenes. The first is the Adoration of Cross. The meaning of the iconography is twofold. It looks like the scene of the Crucifixion, with the other two crucified flanking Christ and with worshipers in attendance. However, the more pertinent interpretation of the imagery, as it relates more directly to the vessel, is the pilgrims visiting and worshiping the True Cross. On the back of the ampulla, the Women at the Tomb is depicted. It also has two significances; it can be read as the Mary’s visiting the tomb of Christ and pilgrim women visiting the tomb of Christ erected within the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. The iconography, therefore, draws parallels between the events of Christ’s life and the activities of pilgrims. The Staurotheca, on the other hand, is rich in detail yet does not contain any narrative. On the front of the reliquary is Christ enthroned, with Theotokos, John the Baptist and arch angels flanking him. Above and below are three pairs each of the apostles. Surrounding the nine conjoined panels, are portrait busts of saints. Upon opening the lid, the viewer is confronted with the slivers of the True Cross described above. Depictions of angels adorn the interior as well, and flank the inscribed panels behind which rest other important relics. Rather than expressly depict the relics that were encased, the reliquary simply depicted the True Cross and the portraits of angel, all of which were considered to be the image of God himself. Therefore, the ampulla and the Staurotheca differ in their iconography, their function and their materials. All results of the intended viewers and collectors, both the ampulla and Staurotheca represent the Byzantine desire to obtain primary and secondary relics. Representing the power of Christ and God, these vessels’ contents gave their owners assurance of success and salvation. 3. Essay Question Related Directly to Readings: The issue of images in Byzantine art The lineage and use of images in Byzantine art is perhaps on of the more interesting and complicated aspects of Christian iconography. The Christian imagery in Byzantine art, as noted in Heaven on Earth, became intertwined with imperial icons and ceremony. The course of Iconoclasm, however, remains the most controversial historical discourse about Christian images and their appropriate role. The Iconoclasts believed that images were inappropriate in worship and were similar to the worship of idols, which breaks one of the commandments. Iconophiles, on the other hand, venerated images and opposed the Iconoclasts in the destruction of images. Given the volatile opposition of the two, understanding the Christian image in Byzantine art allows one to understand their forms of worship and relation to the holy. Firstly, it should be noted imperial and religious tradition often created a relationship between Christ and the Emperor. Occurring fairly early in the history of Byzantium, the Emperor Justinian was likened to Christ in the apse mosaic in S. Vitale. Adorned with a halo, Justinian stands in the center among twelve soldiers and religious officials. Although, as Treadgold et al. noted in Procopius and the Imperial Panels of S. Vitale, though the artist had not intended on creating the twelve apostles symbolism, as the feet show that some of the heads were added as an after thought, the resulting effect is the same for the contemporaneous viewer. The emperor, the most powerful and godly of men, is likened to Christ. Such an occurrence, while prevalent throughout cultures and history, undoubtedly watered down the holy significance of Christ images in the realm of worship. However, as noted above, the Iconoclast controversy, which lasted from 726 to 843 AD, is most illustrative of the Byzantine treatment of images. Affecting artistic production during the controversy and in its wake, the debate centered on t he appropriateness of images in the Christian context. Iconoclasts, or â€Å"image breakers,† believed that their fellow Christians had become idolaters. Images, perhaps believed to be a source of power by laymen, the Iconoclasts contended, must be restrained. Militaristic failures reaffirmed Iconoclastic believes that they had sinned and incurred the wrath of God. In the Church of Saint Sophia, for example, depictions of saints were replaced by the cross. Similarly, St. Irene sports a cross instead of a human likeness. (The example of the Church of the Dormition in Nicaea seems to show that the Virgin and Child mosaic replaced the Cross, post-Iconoclasm.) Therefore, the Iconoclasts effectively replaced images with the Cross. Contrastingly, the Iconophiles, or â€Å"image lovers,† argued for the preservation and continuation of images, given their long history. As discussed in the Abgar of Edessa identification, the likeness of Christ was venerated in biblical times. Being an ancient tradition, that Christ himself allowed/encouraged, images should be respected. Furthermore, as mentioned in Mango, the Iconophiles argued that God created man in his likeness, and specifically incarnated himself in the human form of Christ, and therefore allows for representation in the human form. Though they were temporarily victorious between bouts of Iconoclasm, the Iconophiles were ultimately successful in securing the role of images in Christianity. After the ideological defeat of the Iconoclasts, the Iconophiles restored much of the Christian imagery that had been washed away. St. Sophia, having had images removed by the iconoclasts, exists as a testament to the great controversy. The St. Sophia apse mosaic is an excellent example of post-iconoclast image restoration. A mosaic of Theotokos and Child was erected with an inscription condemning the Iconoclasts; the inscription is known to refer to them as imposters. Similarly, written and illustrated texts, such as the Khludov Psalter, describe the heresy of the Iconoclasts. It likens them to the Jews. As the Jews killed Christ, the Iconoclasts washed away and killed his image. Furthermore, much of the margin illustrations depict figures holding a medallion image of Christ, as a testament to the devotion to images. The Iconophiles believed that icons and images of the holy and saintly sanctified churches and practiced such post-iconoclasm. Post-iconoclasm, much of the ravages were rectified and restored. Beautifully decorous images adorned churches and texts in the wake of the controversy. The Psalter of Paris, for example, rather naturalistically depicts David composing the Psalms. Personifying the location and muses, the image gives the layman the opportunity to pictographically read the origin of the Psalms. Ultimately, the images not only teach through visuals, but inspire awe. The illuminating mosaics of churches produced miraculous, luminary effects that created a greater sense of the sacred. Consequently, the use of images in Byzantine art is an issue of great complexity. Once deriving influence from the iconography of pagan religions, the Iconoclasm controversy returned to the Christian-pagan associations. The Iconoclasts believed that the worship of images was like that of idols by the pagans. In an attempt to remain in the right with God, they sought to rid Christianity of its idolatrous icons. Though, in accordance with sanctity, egalitarianism and tradition the debate was won by the image lovers, restoring the place of Christian icons.